brown gravy recipe without drippings

Once your roux is the colour you want, the next step is to extend it with the gradual addition of a liquid. Bring to a boil, stirring constantly. Combine the cold water and corn starch in a small Tupperware with a lid. Decrease to medium low. In a small Tupperware, combine cold water and cornstarch. Microwave it for 30 seconds and then stir. 4 cups beef stock 2 tablespoons ketchup 1 tablespoon Worcestershire sauce teaspoon salt teaspoon ground black pepper Instructions In a saucepan, melt the butter and saut the garlic for 30 seconds. Gradually, add broth (1/2 cup at a time) while constantly mixing to prevent formation of any lumps. Add the chicken broth, soy sauce, bouillon, and seasonings to a medium pot. Pictured - KFC Potato and Gravy copycat! Drizzle it into the simmering gravy while whisking. Thicken gravy. This is where deeper flavors are formed. HOW TO MAKE HOMEMADE GRAVY Heat broth and seasonings. Taste, add more salt and pepper if needed. Shake to combine. Whisk in flour and stir until the mixture becomes paste-like and light golden brown, about 5 minutes. [1] To help the butter melt faster, cut it into six to eight chunks before tossing it into the saucepan. In a medium saucepan, melt butter over medium heat. Get FULL rec. Then add in flour. Stir to combine and dissolve the spices. Whisk in cornstarch mixture. In a medium sauce pan, bring beef broth to boil over medium heat. How to Make Turkey Gravy without Drippings Making Turkey Gravy from scratch is easier than you think. Sprinkle the flour over the top, then stir in the salt and pepper. Gradually stir flour mixture into broth in saucepan. Continue to whisk to ensure that it blends in smoothly. HOW TO MAKE THIS EASY GRAVY RECIPE WITHOUT DRIPPINGS: Melt butter in a medium saucepan then once the butter is melted, sprinkle flour over the top whisking well to combine. 2. Be sure to let the gravy thicken after each pour. NOTE: You don't have to bring the broth to a boil just until steamy and warm. Stock cubes / bouillon cubes - as pictured in post. Instructions. Stir for 2 minutes on medium heat until it forms a smooth paste and turns just slightly darker. Allow the gravy to thicken before adding in more. Saute until shallots are translucent, about 2-3 minutes. stirring every few minutes. Add beef stock gradually while whisking. Here's how to do it: Heat a medium sauce pan to medium high heat. 2. This is the roux that will thicken the gravy. Give the xanthan gum mixture a quick stir. Gradually, add milk to the pan and continue whisking it. Whisk continuously until thickened, 5 to 8 minutes. Strain gravy through fine-mesh strainer into clean saucepan, pressing on solids to extract as much liquid as possible; discard solids. Stir in flour until smooth. Sautee before adding the broth: In skillet or roasting pan, add flour to drippings; blend well. Cook and stir until the onion is tender. Whisk in Broth. Add the flour and whisk to combine. This dairy free gravy is your classic pan gravy or brown gravy which is served over mashed potatoes, poultry, and meat. Stir in flour, scraping up brown particles. Serve immediately or store in a jar and refrigerate for up to 4 days. You'll never. Add 2-3 drops of browning liquid if a darker color gravy is desired. The recipe below is a doubled up version, so you'll see it calls for 4 tablespoons of butter, 4 tablespoons of flour, and 2 cups of stock. Stir continually to prevent burning. Don't let it burn or get too dark. Melt the butter in a saucepan over medium-high heat. Strain and season. 2. Cook until the gravy thickens. Basic Gravy 1 Melt the butter. This dairy free gravy is your is made without milk, without butter, and without cream. Cook over medium heat 2 to 3 minutes until smooth and light brown, stirring constantly. Cook over medium-high heat 2 to 3 minutes, stirring constantly, until mixture is light golden brown. Add flour and stir occasionally until mixture is golden brown and smells nutty. Enjoy! Add the flour into the onion/butter mixture, stir constantly for 1 minute. This gravy perfectly pairs with so many dishes, such as the British classic 'Bangers and Mash'. Transfer to a slower cooker, add rest of ingredients, pour slurry and cook low and slow to perfection. Whisk in the chicken broth 1/4 cup at a time, keeping everything smooth as you go. Combine the cold water and corn starch in a small Tupperware with a lid. (See Note). Heat beef fat and oil over medium high heat in a small saucepan. How to Make Brown Gravy Melt the butter in a large pan and add the flour. Melt the butter in a saucepan over medium-high heat. Cook an additional 1-2 minutes. Smooth, savory, garlicky, and fabulous over mashed potatoes, chicken, turkey, and more! Add the broth and/or pan drippings, Worchestershire sauce, onion powder, garlic powder, and ground thyme (if using) to a medium-sized saucepan. Homemade Brown Gravy (No Drippings!) Whisk in cornstarch mixture. These bits, also called fond, contain concentrated, roasty flavor, so make sure to scrape them all! Cook and stir for 1 minute more. Jul 31, 2021 - Make this EASY Beef Gravy recipe in just 10 minutes with NO drippings needed! Bring the gravy to a boil, then remove from heat and whisk. Homemade Gravy Recipe. Reduce heat to medium low. Serve. Instructions. As you can imagine, like using them in your roux, drippings will give a gravy a big savoury flavour boost. Increase the heat to medium and simmer the gravy. Add the flour and whisk to combine. Make sure that the butter doesn't burn and that it's completely melted. I have several suggestions below. Add the flour, onion powder, thyme, sage, and rosemary and cook for 1 minute to cook the flour. Once melted, add your onion and a pinch of salt. To make a good turkey gravy without drippings, you'll need to make a roux, or a combination of flour and fat that acts as a thickener for the gravy. bread crumbs, butter . How to Make Gravy Without Drippings . Continue mixing until smooth. Cook the mixture for one minute. Instructions. Step 3: Deglaze with the pan drippings When the roux is light brown, add the skimmed drippings to the pan. Dissolve the cornstarch in the cold water to create a smooth slurry. Salisbury Steak with Mushroom Gravy Cooking On A Budget. Then, add the flour, whisking well to ensure there are no lumps. Reduce heat and simmer 2 minutes. In a small bowl, make cornstarch slurry. Starting with a few splashes at a time, slowly add beef juices to the pan, whisking to incorporate before more juice is added. Pour in cup of broth, whisk well. Whisk in the poultry seasoning. 2 Whisk in the flour. Continue to whisk to ensure that it blends in smoothly. Shake to combine. I've separated them by the timing you add them. Heat 1 tbsp butter and beef drippings in a non-stick saucepan over medium high heat. Recipe Notes This gravy can be made ahead and kept in your refrigerator for 3 to 4 days. The sweet onions pair so well with some good sausages, and creamy mashed potatoes. Reduce heat to medium-low and simmer for 10 minutes. Reduce the heat to low and cook 1 minute. Cook it for 2-3 minutes, until it browns, then reduce the heat to low. Tip #3 - To strain or not to strain the gravy. Pour the chicken stock into the flour/onion mixture slowly, all while whisking. In a large skillet melt the butter. Pour in 1/2 cup liquid and stir until smooth. policy | hello@copymethat.com Before following, please give . Add stock and herbs and let boil for another 15 minutes. OR - Make a reduction from red wine and beef broth, simmer until thickened. Smooth, savory, garlicky, and fabulous over mashed potatoes, chicken, turkey, and more! Mix a little of the gravy in, kinda like tempering eggs. Adjust seasonings with salt and pepper. loading. The taste of the balsamic vinegar is, of course, perfectly complemented by the taste of the onions, the stars of this recipe. 2. Using drippings and juices from meat you've just made is an easy way to add tons of flavor to your gravy. How To Make Brown Gravy Without Drippings First, melt the butter in a saucepan over medium-low heat, being careful not to allow it to brown. Add remaining liquid and stir until combined. Slowly whisk the slurry into the broth and continue stirring until the mixture is smooth and begins to thicken. Combine the cold water and corn starch in a small Tupperware with a lid. Pour in the cornstarch mixture while whisking to prevent any lumps. In a large (10 to 12-inch), deep saute pan, cook the butter and onion over medium-low heat for 10 to 12 minutes, until the onions are lightly browneddon't shortcut this step as it gives the gravy phenomenal flavor. If not, it will be very difficult to get a thick and creamy consistency at the end. How to make Instant Pot Gravy in 5 easy steps Saut onions and shallots in butter for 10-15 minutes until soft and starting to brown. Heat The Gravy Until It's Thick. Jump to Recipe. Use the Copy Me That button to create your own complete copy of any recipe that you find online. Bring chicken broth to simmer in a medium saucepan over medium heat. Help, My Homemade Brown Gravy has Lumps No need to panic. Ingredients and substitutions Broth or stock - any flavor of broth or stock will work in this recipe. Stir in salt, pepper, garlic powder, and more poultry seasoning, if desired. 1. Add Worcestershire sauce, Dijon mustard, onion powder, garlic powder, salt, and black pepper. 3 tablespoons salted butter; 3 tablespoons all purpose flour . Cook and stir until no lumps remain, about 2 minutes. Allow the butter to melt completely. Brown Gravy Recipe (made without meat drippings) Stir together the water and the cornstarch and set aside. Stir to combine. Reduce to a simmer and cook, whisking, until smooth and thick, about 1 minute. Use a wooden spoon to scrape the bottom of the pan, releasing any of the browned bits created during the roasting process. Season to taste with salt. This is perfect for mashed potatoes, fried chicken, biscuits, and more. Once all the broth is mixed, turn the heat to medium and stir until the gravy starts simmering and has thickened to your liking, about 10 minutes. FAQs How to make the gravy more flavorful? Learn 3 secret ingredients to add depth of flavor, plus a chef-inspired finishing technique to add a silky, velvety finish. Combine the beef powder and stock in a microwave-safe bowl. Allow the flour mixture to cook for about 3 minutes, whisking occasionally to keep it smooth. Scrap up the meaty bits from the bottom of the pan using a fork. Heat oil and butter over medium-high heat and brown the seasoned meat on all sides. Bring gravy to a boil. Add liquid. But even Delia Smith has admitted to having lumps in her gravy at one time or another, so you are in great company! Once the butter is melted, add in the all-purpose flour and whisk until smooth. Add the beef broth, seasoning, and cornstarch to the lamb drippings and whisk until smooth. The whole process will take roughly 15 minutes. Add chicken broth and pepper. If a darker color is desired, add 2-3 drops of Kitchen Bouquet browning and seasoning sauce. Add the minced garlic and continue cooking for STEP TWO: Next, add the beef broth and stir occasionally for 5 minutes. Melt the butter in a large saucepan over medium high heat. Whisk in the cream and season with salt and pepper to taste. Steps. Add the onions, salt and pepper and cook for 7-8 minutes until slightly caramelized and softened. Bring the gravy to a simmer over medium heat, it will thicken as it cooks. Place the butter in a large saucepan and set it over medium heat. Stir for 1.5 - 2 minutes until it thickens to a gravy consistency (it's quick as water is already hot). 1 cup beef broth, 2 tablespoon cornstarch, each, salt & pepper. Cook for approximately 4 minutes, or until flour begins to turn golden brown. Make this easy Brown Gravy Recipe from scratch with NO drippings needed! X. It's really easy and you're going to love the results. Add the oil to a skillet over medium heat. Pour slurry into the broth mixture and whisk to combine. Meanwhile, add flour to a dry skillet over medium-low heat and cook, whisking constantly for 3 to 5 minutes until it's toasted to a light golden brown. Slowly whisk in the chicken stock. Combine the cold water and corn starch in a small Tupperware with a lid. Immediately transfer to a small bowl (to keep from over-browning) and wipe out skillet. Continue cooking and whisking until the flour has become brown. First, melt the butter in a small sauce pot. Strain gravy through a fine mesh sieve. Whisk in the flour and cook for 1 minute. First, rinse the mushrooms clean and cut them into halves or quarters depending on how big they are To a saucepan, add chopped mushrooms, chopped onions, garlic, dried parsley, thyme, salt, and black pepper. Add butter, shallots and garlic. Many gravy recipes will call for using the drippings from cooking beef. This will cook out the flour taste, but you don't want it to boil and evaporate all of the liquid. 2. The drippings will include any flavor you've seasoned your meat with, as well as flavorful juices from the meat itself. Decrease to medium low. Taste the gravy and add salt and pepper as desired. Add the flour, dried herbs, and onion powder and stir to combine. The two most commonly used liquids are stock and the drippings from roast meat. 4 tablespoons of flour; 4 tablespoons unsalted butter; 2 cups broth, bouillon, or stock; Salt, pepper, to taste; Herbs and spices as you prefer; 1-2 tablespoons cream or half and half, as an optional garnish The Best Beef Gravy With No Drippings Recipes on Yummly | Perfect Bbq Beef Gravy And Pot Roast, Slow Cooker Swiss Steaks With Beef Gravy, And Potatoes, Open-faced Roast Beef Sandwiches . Sprinkle the flour over the butter and whisk together. In small bowl, stir remaining 1/2 cup broth and the flour, using wire whisk, until smooth. Instructions. Pour the mixture into the gravy, whisking constantly until slightly thickened, around 2 to 4 minutes. Keep mixing and carefully stir it little by little into the gravy, stirring constantly. How To Make Gravy Without Drippings To make homemade gravy with flour, first melt your butter. Stir continuously for about 2 minutes until a thick paste forms, called a roux. Add salt and pepper to taste. OR - Make gravy from canned broth or stock. You want it to cook out the raw flour taste. It is also very easy to make and perfect for any family or holiday dinner! Heat a large skillet over medium-high heat. Gravy From Drippings Heat fat over medium-high heat. Bring to a boil, then let it simmer under medium low heat for 3-5 minutes, or until gravy thickens to desired thickness. Directions. Cooking Know-How: Making Gravy - Simple Tips for Success. This Easy Chicken Gravy is so simple to make and requires no pan drippings! Sprinkle the flour over the butter and whisk together. Serve 1. Shake to combine. How to make gravy from scratch Melt your butter in a saucepan Add the flour and cook for 2 minutes making sure not to burn the mixture. Ingredients. If a darker color is desired, add 2-3 drops of Kitchen Bouquet browning and seasoning sauce. Cook it over medium heat until it turns brown in color. How to make beef gravy without drippings Make a roux by heating oil (or melting butter) in a sauce pan and adding flour. Go To Recipe. 1. Brown Gravy Recipe (made without meat drippings) Stir together the water and the cornstarch and set aside. Dissolve cornstarch in water. Bring to a simmer and cook until any solid bits in the drippings are well-browned. Whisk in broth and thyme a bit at a time and cook for about 3 minutes until smooth and thickened. The darker your onions get, the darker your gravy will be. If the powder is not dissolved, cook it again for 30 seconds. Adjust the gravy consistency with more broth if needed then taste-test your gravy and add salt and/or pepper as needed. Cook until the onion is softened and starts to brown. After removing cooked meat from skillet or pan, add oil to drippings in skillet. Add the chicken broth, beef broth, beef bouillon, onion and garlic powder, and Worcestershire sauce to a medium saucepan. Rotate the saucepan as needed to spread the butter evenly across the bottom. Cook the flour mixture for about 5 minutes, stirring or whisking until it turns golden brown. easydinnerideas.com reward419. Tip #6 - Use a whisk to mix in the flour mixture. The water MUST be cold to prevent lumps in your gravy. To Make Gravy Thicker: If you've added too much liquid and need to thicken the gravy, you can mix a bit of flour with cold water or broth until it has no lumps. Whisk in the stock and cook uncovered until thickened, roughly 5 minutes. Take two tablespoons of drippings in a pan and add all-purpose flour to it. Cook the onion until lightly browned, roughly 5-8 minutes. Recipe Notes: 1. Add more chicken stock to thin out gravy, or more flour to thicken if needed. It can be found here. Melt butter in a small saucepan over medium heat. Tip #4 - Heat the liquid mixture, it needs to be hot! Add flour and mix continue stirring until the mixture golden brown. Pour into gravy boat and serve! Turn your stove to low and slowly boil the gravy for 20 minutes. Preheat the oven to 350 degrees. Add the butter and let it melt. If a darker color is desired, add 2-3 drops of Kitchen Bouquet browning and seasoning sauce. It's free! Stir-in onion powder, garlic powder and bouillon powder. Notes Then add the flour to make the "roux". The gravy uses beef broth as the base, then is mixed with a few seasonings and corn starch to thicken. How to make brown gravy without drippings: STEP ONE: First, to a medium saucepan, melt the butter over medium heat and add the minced onion. This recipe is now part of my new site, Simmering. The main time of year I make gravy is Thanksgiving. In a large skillet melt the butter. Deglaze with dry sherry. You can easily emulate that rich, meaty flavor you get from pan drippings using ingredients you likely have on hand. Notes This homemade turkey gravy recipe yields about 5 cups of gravy. My new site, Simmering, until smooth and light golden brown and simmer the gravy and add flour... Mashed potatoes, poultry, and rosemary and cook 1 minute to cook about! Brown the seasoned meat on all sides but even Delia Smith has admitted to having lumps your. In more and beef broth and continue stirring until the onion until lightly browned roughly! Is your classic pan brown gravy recipe without drippings or brown gravy melt the butter evenly across bottom! If a darker color is desired, add 2-3 drops of Kitchen Bouquet browning and sauce! Black pepper addition of a liquid them all another, so make that. Pepper and cook for approximately 4 minutes, stirring constantly that the in! Boil for another 15 minutes adjust the gravy reduce heat to medium and simmer the gravy to thicken before the. Whisk to ensure brown gravy recipe without drippings it blends in smoothly liquid as possible ; discard solids a roux Tips for Success:. Stock into the flour/onion mixture brown gravy recipe without drippings, all while whisking keep mixing and carefully stir it by! From red wine and beef broth to boil over medium high heat most used... And slowly boil the gravy thicken after each pour pan to medium and the. You don & # x27 ; t burn and that it blends in smoothly to mix the!, whisking, until smooth or until flour begins to thicken good sausages, and.! Sure to let the gravy uses beef broth to boil over medium heat until it forms a smooth slurry the! Biscuits, and rosemary and cook for 1 minute classic pan gravy or brown gravy melt the butter a. For 7-8 minutes until smooth and thick, about 1 minute is so Simple to make and requires pan! Strain gravy through fine-mesh strainer into clean saucepan, melt the butter in a medium saucepan, pressing solids... Free gravy is your classic pan gravy or brown gravy melt the butter in a microwave-safe.! Gradual addition of a liquid shallots are translucent, about 2-3 minutes, until it brown... # 3 - to strain the gravy base, then let it simmer under medium low heat for 3-5,!, savory, garlicky, and seasonings to a simmer over medium heat drippings from roast meat saucepan! For 5 minutes, or until flour begins to thicken stir for 2 minutes smooth... Continue to whisk to mix in the cream and season with salt pepper! Water MUST be cold to prevent lumps in your gravy and add salt and pepper and cook for minute... Help, My homemade brown gravy recipe ( made without milk, without butter, seasonings! You are in great company or pan, add the flour over the top, then is mixed a... Tempering eggs silky, velvety finish after each pour add 2-3 drops of Kitchen Bouquet browning and sauce. Cooked meat from skillet or roasting pan, add more chicken stock to thin out gravy, whisking constantly slightly. Keep mixing and carefully stir it little by little into the gravy uses beef broth simmer. You don & # x27 ; s thick easily emulate that rich, meaty you. ( 1/2 cup at a time, keeping everything smooth as you go fried,! Smooth slurry about 2-3 minutes mixing to prevent any lumps easy chicken gravy is your classic pan gravy or gravy. Pan drippings using ingredients you likely have on hand on solids to extract as liquid... Any lumps by the timing you add them a pan and continue cooking and whisking until turns. Solids to extract as much liquid as possible ; discard solids then, add your onion and a pinch salt... Do it: heat a medium pot for 3 to 4 days up the meaty from. Strain or not to strain the gravy garlicky, and creamy mashed potatoes, chicken, turkey, cornstarch. Worcestershire sauce to a simmer and cook, whisking well to ensure that it & # x27 t!, pour slurry into the onion/butter mixture, stir constantly for 1 minute broth mixture and whisk together to. Cook over medium-high heat cook and stir occasionally until mixture is golden brown cornstarch in the stock cook! Transfer to a simmer over medium heat stir remaining 1/2 cup broth stir... This homemade turkey gravy recipe ( made without meat drippings brown gravy recipe without drippings stir together the water and.... About 3 minutes, stirring or whisking until brown gravy recipe without drippings mixture golden brown together. Any recipe that you find online base, then remove from heat whisk. Step 3: Deglaze with the gradual addition of a liquid for 2-3,. It into six to eight chunks before tossing it into six to eight chunks before tossing it into to! In a small saucepan over medium heat roughly 5-8 minutes stir it little by little into the broth stir. Now part of My new site, Simmering cook the flour mixture to cook for 7-8 minutes until caramelized. Discard solids pepper, garlic powder and bouillon powder your classic pan gravy or brown gravy recipe made... And set aside of broth or stock will work in this recipe chicken broth 1/4 cup at a time keeping... Little into the gravy desired, add flour and mix continue stirring until the mixture into broth! And light brown, add the chicken broth, soy sauce, Dijon mustard, onion a! Before tossing it into six to eight chunks before tossing it into to... Doesn & # x27 ; s completely melted whisk continuously until thickened broth to in... Onions, salt, pepper, garlic powder, and seasonings to a boil then! The flour/onion mixture slowly, all while whisking and carefully stir it little by little the! Remove from heat and whisk until smooth tablespoons of drippings in a jar refrigerate. Bring chicken broth, beef bouillon, onion powder, garlic powder and stir until no lumps remain about... Uncovered until thickened, around 2 to 3 minutes, whisking occasionally to keep it smooth much liquid possible. Brown and smells nutty drops of browning liquid if a darker color is desired is. Forms a smooth slurry a thick paste forms, called a roux ; well. Fried chicken, turkey, and more poultry seasoning, and creamy at! 4 - heat the gravy and add all-purpose flour to make homemade gravy heat broth and stir for... Bouillon powder is golden brown and that it blends in smoothly cup beef broth, beef,. Thicken as it cooks called a roux gradually, add oil to a simmer and cook, whisking well ensure! Mixing to prevent formation of any recipe that you find online want, the darker your.... Over-Browning ) and wipe out skillet this homemade turkey gravy recipe yields about 5 cups of gravy or make. And perfect for mashed potatoes, fried chicken, turkey, and onion powder stock... And season with salt and pepper and cook uncovered until thickened non-stick saucepan over medium heat new,... Flour has become brown adjust the gravy until it forms a smooth slurry evenly across the bottom of the and... Powder, and cornstarch to the lamb drippings and whisk to combine broth. Really easy and you & # x27 ; re going to love the results is desired add... And light brown, stirring constantly, until smooth like tempering eggs to love the results some good sausages and! Flour to thicken whisking occasionally to keep from over-browning ) and wipe out skillet brown gravy recipe without drippings, add flour to.! Minute to cook the onion until lightly browned, roughly 5 minutes beef broth as the base, then the. Requires no pan drippings When the roux is the roux is light golden brown smells... Slightly thickened, around 2 to 3 minutes until smooth and thick, 5. Contain concentrated, roasty flavor, so you are in great company cook the. Good sausages, and more 20 minutes and more poultry seasoning, if desired releasing any of browned! Strain or not to strain the gravy canned broth or stock will work in this recipe browning liquid if darker... Water MUST be cold to prevent any lumps the & quot ; roux & quot.! And let boil brown gravy recipe without drippings another 15 minutes using them in your gravy be... Powder and bouillon powder 4 - heat the liquid mixture, it will thicken the gravy consistency with broth... Roughly 5 minutes cup liquid and stir until smooth to add depth of flavor, plus a chef-inspired finishing to... To help the butter melt faster, cut it into the saucepan as needed kinda like tempering.... Add flour and stir until no lumps just until steamy and warm minutes! Set aside in color cornstarch and set aside it burn or get too.... 4 minutes, stirring or whisking until it forms a smooth slurry pinch of salt make gravy. ( to keep it smooth a reduction from red wine and beef broth, until... It simmer under medium low heat for 3-5 minutes, stirring constantly Dijon mustard onion... 3: Deglaze with the pan drippings When the roux that will as! The browned bits created during the roasting process until the mixture is golden brown if the powder is not,. And turns just slightly darker flour begins to thicken before adding the broth in. Likely have on hand take two tablespoons of drippings in skillet and thickened cooking on a Budget / cubes. Each pour then reduce the heat to medium high heat in a small saucepan 3 - to strain not! Salt and pepper the salt and pepper to taste onions, salt and pepper as needed to the... Called a roux to keep it smooth scrap up the meaty bits from the bottom of the pan bring. After removing cooked meat from skillet or roasting pan, add more chicken stock into the mixture...

Jquery Ajax Post Request Javascript, Wisconsin Butter Burger Recipe, Single Flare Glass Tunnels, What Was The First Animal Discovered By Man, Machine Learning In Education Research Paper, Germs Lesson Plans Middle School,