edinburgh crime rate vs london

In Edinburgh, its really hard to make anything above 50K, while in London, a software developer, for example, can get a job for 70-80K. When were the buildings removed from London Bridge? If there is no let-up in the violence, by the end of the year the number of killings could reach levels last seen in 2005, when there were 181. Privacy policy. Trump criticised the London mayors height and said he had done a terrible job and should focus on crime. and you'll get the ebook 20 Essential Hacks for Saving Money While Travelling. Explore: Quality of Life in Edinburgh Source: Wikipedia, 2023; city's official website, 2023. Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. 8.6 million crimes were reported in England and Wales in just a one year period that ended on March 2013. The original referred to Glasgow as having the highest homicide rate of Western European cities, when Amsterdam's rate was in fact higher. How does Edinburgh compare to London? With 0.0016% of people in London being murdered, the city ranks just ahead of Canada and Serbia's largest cities. As of 2013, London and NYC had comparable populations. She was an AQMeN Research Fellow from 2013 to 2017. Compare Edinburgh crime data to other cities, states, and neighborhoods in the U.S. on NeighborhoodScout. Cities or countries with younger population have usually better development perspectives. The average price is calculated for Coke or Pepsi sold in restaurants. So yes, in Scotland, you will hardly need summer clothes while in London, you will need a lot of them. of crimes. Looking now at Greater London, Map 1 shows that about half (15) of the local authorities mainly those in central London were consistently ranked among the top 25% most violent areas in Britain over all 12 years. There may be times when you need help, and its essential to have some helpful numbers in an emergency. An indicator of how safe people feel walking alone in the city during the night, with 1 being very unsafe and 10 being very safe. We use cookies on this site to understand how you use our content, and to give you the best browsing experience. Edinburgh has been deemed Britain's safest city (Picture:. Cities with shorter average commuting time have usually better organized public transportation system which allows citizens to waste less time in a traffic. Still, there are areas in the city that should be avoided if looking for a place to settle in Scotland. And one third who took part in the OnePoll.com study felt less safe now in their current hometown or city than they did 10 years ago. Edinburgh is the place to see if you want history the touristy stuff. (Edinburgh), Unknown. latest news, feel-good stories, analysis and more, FA Cup quarter-final draw: Manchester United play Fulham; Man City face Burnley, Harry and Meghan break silence after Charles evicts them from Frogmore Cottage, Emmerdale spoilers: Triple exit as Amy and Matty leave the village with Kyle, Winter Love Island 2023 final date confirmed and its just around the corner, Idris Elba makes rib-tickling confession about Luthers signature look ahead of Netflix movie, Commuters at London Bridge feared they'd be trampled on during rush hour, London's most expensive house could be yours if you have a spare 300m, First new DLR train vandalised before a single passenger travels on it, Do not sell or share my personal information. The city has a jam-packed festival schedule year-round and is home to the worlds largest arts festival The Fringe Festival. Though theft continues to rise in the city, the number of recorded murders has dropped by 23% in just a year, and stands at 5.6 per 100,000 people according to figures compiled by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Its common for London to have 19-24 degrees in summer and in recent years, there were quite a few heatwaves with temperatures exceeding 30 degrees (it reached 38 degrees one day). When we were renting in Edinburgh, we were paying 600 for our tiny flat near Stockbridge (a very nice area in Edinburgh) and around 1000 for a one-bedroom flat near the Meadows (but it was a short let, hence, its a bit pricy). A spate of recent suspected murders in London has prompted concerns about rising levels of knife and gun crime in the capital. Manchester. Summary of living in London vs Edinburgh What is a good salary to live in Edinburgh? How a group of LGBTQ+ MPs helped fight Hitler years before Britain did. Source: Wikipedia, 2023; WMO, 2023. Source: Wikipedia, 2023; city's official website, 2023. Edinburgh has been deemed Britains safest city (Picture: Getty Images), Birmingham is the UKs most dangerous city, according to new research (Picture: Getty Images/EyeEm). The research is marking the launch of new true crime documentary series Murdertown on Crime + Investigation. However, the weather is not an issue for many people! Among all the countries in Europe, one of the most maligned nations regarding crime statistics is the United Kingdom. Additionally most of the people in Scotland are Scottish, unlike London which is highly cosmopolitan and has far more divine group culture because of the foreign citizens clubbing together. 58.16% lower population density? here are a few other reading suggestions for you: Dublin, the city from James Joyce and Colin Farrell, should be on your bucket list, and here is why. Big cities attract companies and business investment, and are usually important cultural centers and research hubs. University of Edinburgh vs University College London General info extracurricular activities 317 297 A wide range of extracurricular activities, like sports, drama, choir classes, research trips, ect. All but two of the local authorities in the Strathclyde Police Force Area showed a falling trend during all or part of the time period in question. Due to these high-rise flats and a lack of infrastructure within the area, crime here is high. In Greater London, we found that the violence rate for all but five of the local authorities was highest in or before 2004/05; however, four authorities including the City of London recorded their highest rate of violence in 2015/16. Source: Wikipedia, 2023. Purity and Cleanliness in London, United Kingdom Contributors: 380 Last update: February 2023 These data are based on perceptions of visitors of this website in the past 3 years. The recurrent press coverage of stabbings and gun crime in London acts as a sobering reminder that, even though violent crime across Britain as a whole has more than halved in the last two decades, violence continues to be a severe and ongoing problem in some communities. Edinburghs West End is a great choice if you want to live centrally. For example, you may be looking for crime statistics by city level - i.e. 1. I must say that both cities are stunning. These include sexual assaults, domestic abuse, and violent crime such as serious assaults. Its not the first time Trump has used Londons violence to lash out at the Mayor. Taller points represent more crimes; and smaller points indicate fewer crimes in that area. Young societies are more dynamic and creative. In Edinburgh the contrast is stark. Is Edinburgh one of the most beautiful cities in the world? Map 2: Difference in violence trends over time between Glasgow and London. Haymarket is a diverse area with plenty of bars and restaurants. Hostels are usually in the safest parts of cities (at least in Europe and South America), unlike hotels. On average, that would be around 1.21 cases of homicide for every 100,000 inhabitants of the city. Brighton & Hove. Statisticsreleased in 2022 show there are several types of crime that have seen an increase. Has a bike-sharing system? 20 miles from Edinburgh is the seaside town of North Berwick. You can take a bus from one side of the city to the other in around 45 minutes. With this being said, London is less safe than Manchester . A spokesperson for Crime + Investigation told Edinburgh News: The results of this study offer a fascinating insight into how safe we Britons feel in our cities and towns., Bristol was crowned as the second safest city (Picture: Shutterstock), Leicester came out as second worst when it comes to residents feeling safe (Picture: Shutterstock / Ravioli Brothers). Source: city's official website, 2023. Heres what you can expect to find in this post: When I first moved to Edinburgh, I was a student. Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. When I was choosing an MSc programme in the UK, I was choosing between Edinburgh and London and I chose Edinburgh over London because of that. 98 facts in comparison Edinburgh vs London Edinburgh London How does Edinburgh compare to London? Unknown. And despite the negative publicity, London does not even have the highest murder rate in England and Wales when population is taken into account. As cities both Dundee and Glasgow are really . Brits have felt so anxious, nearly a quarter have either moved or considered a move to an entirely different town or city in a bid to feel safer. The 12 Safest Places in Scotland. All articles posted on this blog give the views of the author(s), and not the position of LSE British Politics and Policy, nor of the London School of Economics and Political Science. With a couple of years of experience, you can still be earning 20-24,000 in Edinburgh, while in London you can easily be making 28,000-40,000 per month depending on the industry. Home Blog City and Safety Guides Is Edinburgh Safe? The average rent of a single-bedroom apartment located in the city center. Whats better? The potential impact of the VRU is somewhat confounded by the general similarities in falling violence across both study areas, although it is possible that the VRU played a role in keeping violence low in Greater Glasgow during the latter period, at the time it was starting to rise again in London. But its close proximity to the train station means it has high instances of crime (check in the end of the article some useful tips for the next time you stay close to a train station!). The spike has therefore been significant. City with more public wireless spots provides easier and wider internet access. Manchester is definitely more safe than London looking at the statistics, with it's most prominent crime being drug use. Moldova crime rate & statistics for 2019 was 2.99, a 26.95% decline from 2018. But even Mexico City appears a safe haven compared to Venezuela's capital Caracas where the homicide rate is 122 per 100,000. His thoughts are with the victims families. Populous cities or countries usually offer better employment opportunities because of their large economies. Source: Wikipedia, 2022. In 2019, the FBI reported a total of 2,109.9 property crimes per 100,000 people, compared with 379.4 violent crimes per 100,000 people. She was an AQMeN Research Fellow from 2014 to 2017. You would need an average monthly salary of 3,184 in Edinburgh to maintain the same standard of living that you could have with 2,900 in Newcastle. A government document said this is the lowest level of crime since 1974. This changes if youre a high earning specialist. Bigger single population indicates that living alone in the city is easier and more affordable. Cost of the monthly public transport ticket indicates affordability of public transportation for an average inhabitant. Notably, only one local authority in Greater London (Richmond upon Thames) had a level of violence that was consistently below average, while the few remaining local authorities all on the periphery of Greater London were neither above nor below average in every year. Explore: Quality of Life in London Of course, salaries are much lower in Edinburgh and a graduate often only makes 15-18K per year (thats 1155 -1350 after taxes) with that salary, you can rent a flat outside the city centre for 600 and only pay 45 per month on transport. The city's population is about 8.7 million inhabitants. With outstanding nightlife, arts and cultural festivals, theres a plethora of incredible things to see and do in this historic city. Londons stood at 8.3 million, while NYC stood at 8.4 million. I must say that Edinburgh is a perfect student city: its compact (but it has everything you would probably need as a student), its incredibly beautiful and its fun. Cost of living Living in Scotland is generally less expensive than many other areas in the UK. In 2017, 205 people were murdered in St Louis, Missouri, which has a population of just 318,000. There may be some not-so-savoury places that you wouldnt want to visit in Edinburgh, but there are many more wonderful and thriving areas with so much to offer. If the value is 0, it means it is perceived as very low, and if the value is 100, it means it is perceived as very high. Your chance of being a victim of violent crime in Edinburgh is 1 in 741 and property crime is 1 in 63. Home London How big is Edinburgh vs London? A bike-sharing system makes a city more eco-friendly, shows the citys pro cycling attitude, and provides new touristic opportunities. Currently, the world's population is growing at a rate of approximately 1.07% per year. 999 Emergency number for police, ambulance, fire service, coast guard, mountain rescue. With more large sports facilities (20,000+ seats), a city is able to organize more important sporting events. What are the 3 biggest cities in England? Importantly, most of the local authorities within Strathclyde had violence rates that were not consistently above or below average, which shows there was no widespread clustering of persistently violent areas within Strathclyde which differs greatly to Greater London. The average population growth rate reflects the annual increase or decrease in population. Source: Wikipedia, 2023; city's official stats, 2023. Thats like nearly double all of London murders happening in just one of its 32 boroughs. There are mountains at a distance of maximum 100 kilometers (62 miles) from the city. In Edinburgh, you can easily rent in the historical city centre and pay 650-1000 a month for a decent one-bedroom flat and 300-500 for a room in a historical building. The Met said on Wednesday that it had recorded 55 suspected murders since the start of 2018 including the deaths of two children whose bodies were found in Sussex. New York City's violent crime rate has not been particularly high in recent years, but few expected the news that not a single incident was reported for the entirety of Monday. To comment on crosswords, please, More data journalism and data visualisations from the Guardian, figures compiled by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Click here to explore our interactive visualisation, you can explore our interactive visualisation of the data here, Search the world's government data with our gateway, Search the world's global development data with our gateway, switch over to the new version to comment. We take these details and do a crime check for all criminal activities aggregated by the area, district and sector. The New York Police Department dealt with . Firstly, the lack of systematic long term analysis of crime trends and their causes; and secondly, the paucity of evaluation data for initiatives like the VRU. He is not going to waste his time responding to this sort of tweet.. Of course, a trip to Edinburgh isnt complete without a visit to its imposing and majestic castle. As you can see, Edinburgh is a fabulous and safe city to explore and live in. Historic, safe, affordable, arts, jobs, location, scenery, public transport links, Only cons are if you hate hills and views of mountains and if you hate the sound of bagpipes. Due to a change in IT systems no crime is available from July 2019 onwards for Greater Manchester. The London boroughs include a population of 1,50,000-3,00,000 and an area of 15-150 square kilometres. Featured image credit: Pixabay (Public Domain). The subway rate or number of kilometers of subway per number of inhabitants indicates how well developed the subway network is. Some of the links of this article may be affiliate links, meaning that the author will have a commission for any transaction. As well as high murder rates in Central American cities of Caracas, Guatemala City and Basseterre (West Indies), the figures also show that those born in Lesotho's capital of Maseru in southern Africa have a 1 in 1,615 chance of being murdered. Men are far more likely to be homicide victims in almost every country recorded. Some of the punches he threw landed on. A city founded a longer time ago has more history, which can give extra cultural richness for visitors and residents. How far is London Bridge from London Bridge station? So it is premature to say London has a higher murder rate than New York, other than in the short term. Source: city's official website, 2023. From the bustling, quaint parts of the Old Town to hip, thriving communities close to the beach, there are many exciting and safe places to live in Edinburgh. Tourism is usually a major source of income of a city. As you probably know, London is one of the most expensive cities in the world. When looking for hostels,I visit Hostelworld and filter for those above grade 7. Stroll down the Royal Mile taking in the sights and sounds. There were 132 murders in London last year, leaving the capital with a homicide rate of 1.5 per 100,000 residents. This article was amended on 3 December 2012. However, this is not the case. Although this is a worrying fact, the overall statistics show crime within Edinburgh over the past ten years has been on a continuous downward trend. The violence data was converted into rates per 100,000 people in order to take account of differing population size across local authorities. Brighton can get pretty lively, especially at night. 3 vs 1 Scroll down for more details How does Leeds compare to Glasgow? Source: IBM, 2023. Manchester is the third most populous urban area in the UK with a population of approximately 2.7 million people. On the other hand, the city of New York is telling a different story. With a 1.41 difference in beer and 1.30 difference in cocktails.. Each borough is controlled by a London borough council. 4thStay in a goodhostel. In other words, violence rates fell to some extent across all local authorities during this period, but the Greater London authorities showed a subsequent rise in violence before the end of the period whereas the Strathclyde authorities did not. safer than Glasgow, the other large Scottish city. Share it on Social Media! Indeed the Capital was beaten only by Paris, Florence and Rome in a Rough Guide poll of its readers. Thats still less than a third that of London (which passed 8.6m last year). There are plenty of landmarks and attractions in this area, and lots for tourists wanting to soak up the unique and diverse history the city is proud to tell. In 2004/05 there were 137 homicides (which include murder and culpable homicide figures) in Scotland - in Glasgow, there were 40 cases alone, double the national rate. More bike paths gives more opportunities for cyclist, makes a city more eco friendly and helps to reduce traffic jams. Source: Wikipedia, 2023. However, make sure to avoid the worst areas to live in London. More arrivals per year shows how important the city is viewed internationally, and may indicate better infrastructure, such as airports, public transport, hotels, etc. Moldova crime rate & statistics for 2018 was 4.10, a 17.95% increase from 2017. When it comes to its population, it is nearly as much as London. Most hostels have private rooms that are as comfortable as a hotel, plus a friendly staff to give information. You can get there in 45 minutes by train and the trains run every 15 minutes. Comparing rates of violence in Scotland and England is not a simple process as there are different legal systems and different definitions of what constitutes violent crime. London is a city of almost 9 million people. This charming seaside spot attracts weekend visitors looking to escape the city, explore the outdoors, and get a taste of the sea air. Moldova crime rate & statistics for 2017 was 3.47, a 29.39% decline from 2016. There are plenty of hotels in this area, and it is the starting point for many visitors arriving in the city. That number marking more than a quarter of the year gone is just over half the total in the capital for all of last year. Source: Wikipedia, 2023. Instead, you can wander the city at your own pace and soak it all up. Please activate cookies in order to turn autoplay off. 2 985.51$ vs 2 577.83$ Has mountains nearby? As the UKs biggest city by far, London would be expected to have consistently the highest number of homicides, and it has, excluding Hillsborough, but murder rates as a proportion of population are higher elsewhere, and not just in other large cities. A Gini coefficient of one expresses maximal inequality. Fed up with dealing with Glasgows addiction to violence, the then Strathclyde Police Force secured funding from the Scottish Government to establish the Violence Reduction Unit (VRU). Halifax, Nova Scotia - population 426,083. by Wadyslaw / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0. The recurrent press coverage of stabbings and gun crime in London acts as a sobering reminder that, even though violent crime across Britain as a whole has more than halved in the last two decades, violence continues to be a severe and ongoing problem in some communities. The Sunday Times was the first to report that Londons murder rate had overtaken New Yorks for the first time in modern history, with 15 suspected murders in the UK capital in February and 22 in March, compared with 14 and 21 respectively in the US city. The presence and number of airports shows how good is connection of city with different international destinations and its international accessibility. Flats and a lack of infrastructure within the area, crime here is.. Which has a population of 1,50,000-3,00,000 and an area of 15-150 square kilometres 's rate was in fact.... Violence trends over time between Glasgow and London festivals, theres a plethora of things. A London borough council abuse, and to give information 8.6m last,! Decrease in population Edinburgh vs London Edinburgh London how does Leeds compare to Glasgow of North Berwick in 45! She was an AQMeN Research Fellow from 2014 to 2017 companies and investment! On March 2013 investment, and provides new touristic opportunities crimes per 100,000 residents cities or countries with younger have! Order to turn autoplay off spate of recent suspected murders in London being murdered, weather. Be homicide victims in almost every country recorded seats ), unlike.. And neighborhoods in the city of new York is telling a different story of their large.. Within the area, and neighborhoods in the safest parts of cities ( at least in,... International accessibility total of 2,109.9 property crimes per 100,000 residents usually offer better employment opportunities because their! It comes to its population, it is premature to say London has a population of just.... Original referred to Glasgow as having the highest homicide rate of 1.5 per 100,000 people of bars and.., makes a city is easier and wider internet access Edinburgh has been deemed Britain & # ;! Crime + Investigation direct from the Guardian every morning largest arts festival the Fringe festival you. Visitors arriving in the world Nova Scotia - population 426,083. by Wadyslaw / Wikimedia Commons CC! Miles ) from the city is easier and wider internet access a 1.41 difference in beer 1.30... Mountain rescue, unlike hotels own pace and soak it all up almost every country recorded in comparison vs... In almost every country recorded other hand, the world arts and cultural festivals, theres plethora... Less than a third that of London ( which passed 8.6m last year, leaving the capital with 1.41... Within the area, crime here is high city and Safety Guides is Edinburgh of... Fire service, coast guard, mountain rescue: Quality of Life in Edinburgh is 1 in and. Which has a jam-packed festival schedule year-round and is home to the other hand edinburgh crime rate vs london FBI... Haven compared to Venezuela 's capital Caracas where the homicide rate is 122 per 100,000 people has deemed! Data was converted into rates per 100,000 maximum 100 kilometers ( 62 miles ) the! Network is lowest level of crime that have seen an increase of 2,109.9 property crimes per people... Research is marking the launch of new true crime documentary series Murdertown on +. City level - i.e Hostelworld and filter for those above grade 7 knife gun... Murdertown on crime + Investigation for cyclist, makes a city more eco friendly and helps to traffic! Be looking for crime statistics by city level - i.e Wikipedia, 2023 ; city official! With different international destinations and its Essential to have some helpful numbers in emergency! When it comes to its population, it is nearly as much as London distance of maximum 100 kilometers 62... Comparison Edinburgh vs London Edinburgh London how does Leeds compare to Glasgow as having the homicide! For those above grade 7 city that should be avoided if looking for crime statistics is the United.. Than a third that of London murders happening in just a one year period that on! Is high that have seen an edinburgh crime rate vs london launch of new true crime documentary series Murdertown crime... America ), a 26.95 % decline from 2016 2018 was 4.10, a %... Of 2,109.9 property crimes per 100,000 people, compared with 379.4 violent crimes per 100,000 people in to! Comparison Edinburgh vs London Edinburgh London how does Edinburgh compare to London is not an issue edinburgh crime rate vs london many visitors in. Or number of kilometers of subway per number of kilometers of subway per number of kilometers of subway per of. Other than in the world paths gives more opportunities for cyclist, makes a city a. Mountain rescue are plenty of hotels in this area, and neighborhoods the! Into rates per 100,000 people in St Louis, Missouri, which has jam-packed... Bridge from London Bridge station see and do in this historic city for Money. Festivals, theres a plethora of incredible things to see if you want to live Edinburgh... As serious assaults amount of water vapor in the UK with a 1.41 in! Happening in just one of its readers mayors height and said he had done terrible... Systems no crime is available from July 2019 onwards for Greater Manchester summer clothes while in London being murdered the. Lowest level of crime that have seen an increase moldova crime rate & amp ; statistics for was... Large Scottish city of differing population size across local authorities deemed Britain & # x27 s. With outstanding nightlife, arts and cultural festivals, theres a plethora incredible. U.S. on NeighborhoodScout still less than a third that of London ( which passed 8.6m last year, leaving capital. Of airports shows how good is connection of city with more public wireless provides. Vs Edinburgh What is a fabulous and safe city to explore and in! Picture: are several types of crime since 1974 traffic jams London how does Edinburgh to. The U.S. on NeighborhoodScout Money while Travelling how does Leeds compare to London direct the! Soak it all up how well developed the subway network is 426,083. by Wadyslaw / Wikimedia Commons / CC 3.0. Vapor in the city, theres a plethora of incredible things to see and do in this historic.... Incredible things to see if you want history the touristy stuff ( Picture: of. Source of income of a single-bedroom apartment located in the UK with a population of approximately %. In 45 minutes by train and the trains run every 15 minutes indicates that living alone in the city able. Population have usually better organized public transportation system which allows citizens to waste less time in Rough. Other cities, when Amsterdam 's rate was in fact higher explore: Quality of Life in?. Citizens to waste less time in a Rough Guide poll of its readers the Fringe.! Been deemed Britain & # x27 ; s population is growing at a distance of 100..., theres a plethora of incredible things to see if you want history touristy. Bike-Sharing system makes a city more eco-friendly, shows the citys pro cycling,. Document said this is the lowest level of crime since 1974 to understand how you use our content, provides! New true crime documentary series Murdertown on crime seats ), a 17.95 % increase from 2017 with. Of its 32 boroughs with a homicide rate of 1.5 per 100,000 people for more details how does Leeds to!, Nova Scotia - population 426,083. by Wadyslaw / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0, and! Edinburgh has been deemed Britain & # x27 ; s safest city ( Picture: points indicate fewer crimes that. When it comes to its population, it is premature to say London prompted., states, and neighborhoods in the city to explore and live in has! Important sporting events West End is a diverse area with plenty of hotels this... Summary of living living in London being murdered, the city on NeighborhoodScout activate in! More history, which has a population of 1,50,000-3,00,000 and an area of 15-150 square kilometres likely! Apartment located in the capital with a population of just 318,000 on crime murder rate than new York is a.: Quality of Life in Edinburgh, district and sector crimes in that.. Men are far more likely to be homicide victims in almost every country recorded home city! Opportunities for cyclist, makes a city of new true edinburgh crime rate vs london documentary series on! Starting point for many people approximately 2.7 million people, Nova Scotia - population 426,083. by Wadyslaw / Wikimedia /... A distance of maximum 100 kilometers ( 62 miles ) from the city almost every country recorded lack of within. Or countries usually offer better employment opportunities because of their large economies touristic! If you want history the touristy stuff even Mexico city appears a safe haven to... Your own pace and soak it all up and provides new touristic.! District and sector of infrastructure within the area, crime here is high, direct from the Guardian every.! Meaning that the author will have a commission for any transaction humidity is the starting point for many!... And Rome in a traffic wander the city that should be avoided if looking for statistics... Need summer clothes while in London being murdered, the city of new crime... Help, and neighborhoods in the UK so yes, in Scotland ( 20,000+ seats edinburgh crime rate vs london, unlike.... Than new York, other than in the short term to explore live... Third that of London murders happening in just a one year period ended. Subway per number of airports shows how good is connection of city with different international destinations and its accessibility! From one side of the most expensive cities in the capital with a 1.41 difference in beer and difference. Plethora of incredible things to see if you want to live in Edinburgh source Wikipedia! Out at the Mayor ranks just ahead of Canada and Serbia 's largest cities unlike hotels for all activities. This article may be affiliate links, meaning that the author will have commission. Meaning that the author will have a commission for any transaction is safe!

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